Just War Theory an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Just War Theory For if a group defined by the chance of birth is persecuted, it is as though its members had not been born into the human race at all Richard Vernon Need essay sample on "Just War Theory" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The overall thesis of the article, What is Crime against Humanity, is basically analyzing the concepts of the crimes against humanity that are incorporated into international law. The article brings up questions applicable in the consideration of determining or dividing what would be considered a Just War versus that of an Unjust War. People Very Often Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online? Professional writers advise: Buy An Essay Which Will Lead You To Your Academic Success Please Help Me Write An Essay College Papers Online Pay People To Write Papers Essay Writing Services In developing the arguments used in this article, Vernon brings in examples from St. Augustine, the scale of wrongness as it applies to pirates at sea, along with numerous text references on the Just versus Unjust War debate. The author explains the moral differences of separation of enemies of a race or ethnicity, versus the separation of enemies of the human race or humanity. The author does consider a variety of ethical theoretical considerations and principles of the Just War debate in his writing. Vernon writes regarding the ethical justification of war while dissecting some justifications as to their individual strengths and weaknesses. The author discusses the concept of how much if any premeditation would need to be involved in setting the correctness of the Just War act on the right or wrong side of being just (Vernon, 2002, p.245). Oftentimes throughout the article I feel more questions are fed to the reader while sometimes complicating the learning process of this already complicated subject. For example, when presenting the expression crime against humanity, the author brings up that the triteness of such an expression as crimes against humanity could as well describe child abuse, or the cruel treatment of animals, or callous reductions of welfare payments to the chronically poor (Vernon, 2002, p.237). Later when providing information in regards to quantifying evil, the author begins discussing comparisons: How should we set out to compare the evil done by the Holocaust, by African slavery, and by the (near-) extermination of aboriginals in North America? If we employ a body count, then African slavery killed more people than the other two did. If we are looking at the proportion of the target group killed, then the aboriginal case is the worst. If we are looking at rates of killing per day, one might interject, the Rwanda genocide outclasses all three. If we were looking at the degree to which victims were compelled to collaborate in their own destruction (Vernon, 2002, p.238). I believe Vernon often purposely poses more questions than answers in this article. I know this can be used to motivate readers to educate themselves while forming their individual opinions on any particular subject. However, I have to say that at the current non-expert level of knowledge I have of this particular subject, I would often find this to be more confusing than helpful. By the way, the above was probably only one half of the paragraph of questions the author included in just this one area. The author did include a variety of ethical theoretical interpretations while occasionally including his own understandings along with these. For example, Vernon discussed St. Augustines beliefs in regards to horrific state acts while relating some of the information to Roman political life. Vernon divided and discussed the various categories of humanitarian crimes. In general, in one way or another, I feel the author provided empirical evidence that can pertain to the just-war debate. Through bringing in examples of others perspectives, observations and experiences, the area of empirical evidence was pretty well covered. The great majority of the evidence was borrowed from texts on this subject. For example, Vernon often quoted from The Contract of Mutual Indifference, a book written by Norman Geras (Vernon, 2002, p.244). The work attempts to present an understanding of atrocities as they relate to international and national policies and politics. One of the thoughts the author deliberates is how neither state responsibility nor community responsibility provide adequate protection for its people. One quote he included in regards to WWII was that People went to their deaths at Auschwitz or Treblinka, notwithstanding that there were some others who cared about them (Vernon, 2002, p.244). The author brings in what might be considered the larger pieces along with the less obvious evidence in discussing the Just-war debate. Vernon touches on the humanity-as-victim thesis which was introduced at Nuremberg by the French prosecuting attorney. In discussing this, the author brings up the difference of the immorality of eliminating certain races along with the different immorality of refusing to share the earth with a certain people. (I tend to see them as probably the same). Here again there were questions that one might leave more perplexed than illuminated. The question was asked, Why would humanity be devoid of meaning in the absence of diversity? (Vernon, 2002, p.240). I feel the author reaffirms the complexity of the subject, helping the reader to understand why there are so many misunderstandings and differences in opinions in the area of crimes against humanity and the debate of Just War. Vernon was successful in focusing on many important themes in the Just War debate. In fact, sometimes I felt the themes went all over the board and could have been more focused. One of the weaknesses of the article in my opinion is that the author is attempting to analyze a complex issue, and in my opinion, Vernon makes the issue even more complex rather than unraveling or solving anything through his 18 page analysis. The article was written in a very academic style. This isnt necessarily a negative in and of itself but it can limit ones potential audience of this subject who are in their earlier stages of learning the subject than he is in discussing it. I found the strengths of the article to be when the author would bring in information from outside sources. For example, because I have some personal interests in real pirates, I found the part of the article interesting when he discussed piracy precedents and how pirates should not go unpunished simply because they operated at sea (Vernon, 2002, p.235). The material is convincing in my opinion mostly due to the outside resources Vernon used in tying up the bigger picture of the Just-war subject. A new resource is used each time he brings up a different aspect of Just and Unjust War thus providing the reader reinforced explanations for the subject. However, I do feel that the author possibly tried to cover too broad a wingspan of information here. I know as a reader I could see this information being separated and represented in even as few as three complete readings or even more by focusing on one angle at a time presented in this reading. In the end, after having read all of the information in the article, What is Crime against Humanity, I feel that the great dichotomy or oxymoron found inherently within attempting to of combine humaneness with that of war have in themselves created a confusion that neither logic nor discussion can unravel easily if at all. As for this particular piece on the subject, I honestly have to say for the most part it left me more perplexed on the subject. References Vernon, R. (2002). What is Crime against Humanity. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 10:3, 231-249

How to Use If and Only If in Mathematics

How to Use 'If and Only If' in Mathematics When reading about statistics and mathematics, one phrase that regularly shows up is â€Å"if and only if.† This phrase particularly appears within statements of mathematical theorems or proofs. But what, precisely, does this statement mean? What Does If and Only If Mean in Mathematics? To understand â€Å"if and only if,† we must first know what is meant by a conditional statement. A conditional statement is one that is formed from two other statements, which we will denote by P and Q. To form a conditional statement, we could say â€Å"if P then Q.† The following are examples of this kind of statement: If it is raining outside, then I take my umbrella with me on my walk.If you study hard, then you will earn an A.If n is divisible by 4, then n is divisible by 2. Converse and Conditionals Three other statements are related to any conditional statement. These are called the converse, inverse, and the contrapositive. We form these statements by changing the order of P and Q from the original conditional and inserting the word â€Å"not† for the inverse and contrapositive. We only need to consider the converse here. This statement is obtained from the original by saying â€Å"if Q then P.† Suppose we start with the conditional â€Å"if it is raining outside, then I take my umbrella with me on my walk.† The converse of this statement is â€Å"if I take my umbrella with me on my walk, then it is raining outside.† We only need to consider this example to realize that the original conditional is not logically the same as its converse. The confusion of these two statement forms is known as a converse error. One could take an umbrella on a walk even though it may not be raining outside. For another example, we consider the conditional â€Å"If a number is divisible by 4 then it is divisible by 2.† This statement is clearly true. However, this statement’s converse â€Å"If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4† is false. We only need to look at a number such as 6. Although 2 divides this number, 4 does not. While the original statement is true, its converse is not. Biconditional This brings us to a biconditional statement, which is also known as an if and only if statement. Certain conditional statements also have converses that are true. In this case, we may form what is known as a biconditional statement. A biconditional statement has the form: †If P then Q, and if Q then P.† Since this construction is somewhat awkward, especially when P and Q are their own logical statements, we simplify the statement of a biconditional by using the phrase if and only if. Rather than say if P then Q, and if Q then P we instead say P if and only if Q. This construction eliminates some redundancy. Statistics Example For an example of the phrase â€Å"if and only if† that involves statistics, look no further than a fact concerning the sample standard deviation. The sample standard deviation of a data set is equal to zero if and only if all of the data values are identical. We break this biconditional statement into a conditional and its converse. Then we see that this statement means both of the following: If the standard deviation is zero, then all of the data values are identical.If all of the data values are identical, then the standard deviation is equal to zero. Proof of Biconditional If we are attempting to prove a biconditional, then most of the time we end up splitting it. This makes our proof have two parts. One part we prove is â€Å"if P then Q.† The other part of the proof we need is â€Å"if Q then P.† Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Biconditional statements are related to conditions that are both necessary and sufficient. Consider the statement â€Å"if today is Easter, then tomorrow is Monday.† Today being Easter is sufficient for tomorrow to be Monday, however, it is not necessary. Today could be any Sunday other than Easter, and tomorrow would still be Monday. Abbreviation The phrase â€Å"if and only if† is used commonly enough in mathematical writing that it has its own abbreviation. Sometimes the biconditional in the statement of the phrase â€Å"if and only if† is shortened to simply â€Å"iff.† Thus the statement â€Å"P if and only if Q† becomes â€Å"P iff Q.†

Television Programming Violence that Causes Real Violence Essay

Television Programming Violence that Causes Real Violence - Essay Example For over thirty years this has been an issue. There have been several advocacy groups that have attested to the fact that children will emulate that which they see. They have presented many examples, such as: children believing that they were Superman and threw themselves from roofs, thinking that they could fly; other children using their father ´s gun believing they were playing and killing other children; and, other children modeling the behaviors they watch on television and becoming aggressive, thinking that that is the way to have solved a problem, thus violence causes higher crime rates. Today the topic is still fresh. The heated discussion relating to both the youth violence and media has continued to grow. It is still a debatable issue of whether or not television influences the behaviors of the viewers or not. In the media bloc, the public impugns the television networks, which in turn chastise the writers and producers, who sequentially hold the advertisers accountable, who in the end turn to blame the public. In the violence bloc, the federal government holds the youth responsible for their own actions, who charge the commune, which censures the schools, which points the finger at the parents, and who ultimately blame the government (Caldwell, 1995). This is a vicious circle and no one wants to take the blame for it, yet we see violence increasing every day and the advocate groups continue defending their point that television influences the viewers ´ lifestyles. These viewers may learn positive models, such as through programs like Sesame Street, Electric Com pany, Zoom, 321 Contact, and REBOP. These were programs that taught children how to read and write, how to learn about different cultures, and how to become interested in science. These shows obtained awards for excellence and influenced the youngsters positively. If these shows demonstrated that they were able to influence youngsters around the  world (they have been dubbed into many languages), then why should we think violent programs do not influence the youngsters in a negative way as well?  

Linguistics- Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Linguistics- Language Acquisition - Essay Example In the sense, they will imitate every aspect and word more like how they observe than what is the exact. While imitating, almost all the children reflect a tendency to make errors, these errors could be explained as general among all children, who may belong to any origin. Some of the common errors or overgeneralizations that could be identified among children are applying the meaning of a universal statement to all exceptions. This is a behavioural mistake realised among all children. For example if â€Å"dog is explained in terms of an animal having four legs, and birds in terms of all that flies†, the child will associate all animals with four legs as dogs, and all that flies as birds, including an insect. The simplest example would be that, children suggesting the past tense of verbs in a generalized way, the past tense of â€Å"come† might be guessed as â€Å"comed†. As they would have registered their mind according to what they have been taught as rules, â€Å"all verbs end with an â€Å"ed† while changing to past tense. This might be referred to as one of the simple examples of overgeneralization. From this we could understand that As far language acquisition is concerned, overgeneralizations occur in those who are in the beginning stage of learning, for example children who learns their first language at home, and adults who learn their second or non native language on condition. It is the stages involved in the process of learning a language by understanding the linguistic and grammatical rules of the particular language. A child learns by distributing the various things that exists and analyse them on the basis of communicative ideas taught by the elders. For example if an elephant is described and explained as huge in size, the child might associate this explanation with any other animal [which it might see in a book]. This is called overgeneralization. As already said language acquisition is the course of learning a language by

Rethinking Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Rethinking Performance Management - Essay Example In regards to such the paper tends to analyse the performance management system in the light of motivational theories and employee and organisational productivity parameters. Introduction Performance management is defined as an ongoing process with respect to communication which is undertaken between the employees and the immediate supervisors which tends to establish a clear, shared understanding and expectation about the work that is to be performed. It is a system which included various components which are needed in the system of performance management in order to add value in the organisation, the mangers and finally the staffs (Bacal, 2011, p.4). Performance management is said to be critical and necessary component both for individual and organisation effectiveness. Performance managements is all about assessment and feedbacks and real and effective gains in performance requires committed and thoughtful process of feedbacks and evaluation. An important part in the performance m anagement is the process of PM. Personal today has stated that performance management have existed for more than 80 years. According to research done by Personnel Today has revealed that poor performance still is an important and prevailing issue in more than 96% of the organisation. This paper aims to find out the reason as to why poor performance still tends to be an important issue. In the process of measuring performance management, there are many various steps which are required to complete the performance management process. Managing performance in the organisation usually requires an understanding of the context through which the process ends to occur. However the reality is that performance management needs to start at an early stage before the employees start to work with the strategic objectives and also before acting on the core values of the company or the organisation (Cardy & Leonard, 2011, p.3). Main Findings Critical Evaluation of the Process and Core Components of a Performance Management System Performance management is termed as a process and not an event. It is necessary to improve and maintain the performance of the organisation and the individual. Without receiving feedbacks or evaluation, there exist no basis for improving and maintaining the performance. Thus in order to maximise the performance, a careful as well as committed approach is required in the process of feedback and evaluation. But an effective performance management is a tool that just not requires evaluation and feedbacks but much more than it. It involves various numbers of steps and each is crucial for the performance to be improved and maintained. Figure 1: Performance management model (Source: Tansky & Heneman, 2006, p.117) As shown in the above diagram, performance management involves diagnosis which means that the performance needs to be observed in relation with the cause for the performance and the required changes which are necessary to make. In addition to

The Measurement And Instrumentation Engineering Essay

The Measurement And Instrumentation Engineering Essay A pyrometer is used to measure the temperature of an object from a distance, without making contact. The method used for making these non-contacting temperature measurements is known as radiation pyrometry. Non-contact temperature sensors use the concept of infrared radiant energy to measure the temperature of objects from a distance. After determining the wavelength of the energy being emitted by an object, the sensor can use integrated equations that take into account the bodys material and surface qualities to determine its temperature Pyrometer is derived from the Greek root pyro, meaning fire. The term pyrometer was originally used to denote a device capable of measuring temperatures of objects above incandescence, objects bright to the human eye. The original pyrometers were non-contacting optical devices which intercepted and evaluated the visible radiation emitted by glowing objects. A modern and more correct definition would be any non-contacting device intercepting and meas uring thermal radiation emitted from an object to determine surface temperature. Thermometer, also from a Greek root thermos, signifying hot, is used to describe a wide assortment of devices used to measure temperature. Thus a pyrometer is a type of thermometer. The designation radiation thermometer has evolved over the past decade as an alternative to pyrometer. Therefore the terms pyrometer and radiation thermometer are used interchangeably by many references. A radiation thermometer, in very simple terms, consists of an optical system and detector. The optical system focuses the energy emitted by an object onto the detector, which is sensitive to the radiation. The output of the detector is proportional to the amount of energy radiated by the target object (less the amount absorbed by the optical system), and the response of the detector to the specific radiation wavelengths. This output can be used to infer the objects temperature. The emittivity, or emittance, of the object is an important variable in converting the detector output into an accurate temperature signal. Pyro-Electric Pyroelectric detectors for thermal radiations are a relatively new form of pyrmometers. The construction material is usually ceramics are materials whose molecules have a permanent electric dipole because of the position of the electrons in molecules. Normally these molecules lie in a random mish-mash manner all across the bulk of the material hence there is no net electrification as a whole. Also, at ambient temperatures the location or orientation of these molecules is more or less fixed. If the temperature is raised above some level characteristic to the particular material, the molecules start to rotate freely. The temperature at which this start to happen is called the Curie temperature. When the pyroelectric surface is used as detector in a pyrometer, when the radiations from the source are absorbed by the pyroelectric material, its surface temperature increases .In the beginning the charge on the electrodes would be leaked away through the external electrical circuit and hence the measured voltage between the electrodes would be zero. When the pyroelectric surface heats up a voltage is detected between the two electrodes. As the temperature is further increased, further voltage is increased. Through this voltage value we can measure the temperature. The physical construction of a pyroelectric pyrometer is similar to the total radiation thermometer. C:UsersKKupusamyDesktopimages.jpg Pyroelectric linear arrays Photo electric A photoelectric pyrometer has been developed with which the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) above the gold point, 1063  °C, is realized about 5 times more accurately than with the prevalently used disappearing filament visual pyrometer. Estimated standard deviation uncertainties of realizing the IPTS with the photoelectric instrument.An instrument that measures high temperatures by using a photoelectric arrangement to measure the radiant energy given off by the heated object. http://img.tfd.com/ggse/43/gsed_0001_0019_0_img5330.png Optical system of an automatic photoelectric pyrometer: Optical An optical pyrometer is a device which allows contactless temperature measuring by using the incandescense color. It is based upon the fact that all black bodies do have the same incandescense color at a given temperature. It is very straightforward and allows any temperature from which a hot object emits light ( > 500 deg C). It is made from a small magnifying optical device (like a monocular or very small telescope) in which a small incandescent bulb is placed which image is sharp when the user views through the eyepiece (the lens(es) on the eye end of the optical device). The background is the hot object to be gauged. The electrical current flowing through the filaments in the bulb is an indication of their temperature. This current is controlled by a potentiometer which is put between the power source (a battery) and the bulb. An ammeter is used to display the temperature. Its range is from 500 C (== 900F lower limit when an object incandesces) to 1600 C (3000 F), which is suitab le for most applications. http://www.pyrometer.com/NewFiles/Figure2.gif Typical temperature ranges for optical pyrometers Question 3 Electrocardiography (ECG) ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that beats in rhythm to pump the blood through the body. The signals that make the hearts muscle fibers contract come from the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In an ECG test, the electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are recorded and usually shown on a piece of paper. This is known as an electrocardiogram, and records any problems with the hearts rhythm, and the conduction of the heart beat through the heart which may be affected by underlying heart disease. https://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb440/FinalProjects/f2003/nwl2/Final%20Webpage/High-Level.JPG Block diagram of ECG What (Electrically) is being measured The measuring can be different with being different type conditions. Usually the some ECG will be recorded when the patient remain resting. But in some case as, some patients who having coronary heart disease symptoms, ECG will be taken while the doing exercise bike or treadmill. The electric waves in the heart are recorded in mill volts by the ECG. The waves are recorded by electrodes positioned on certain parts of the body. Each electrode controls an ink needle that writes on a grid paper. The higher the intensity of the electric wave, the higher up the needle will move on the paper. The paper moves at a certain speed beneath the needle, resulting in an ink curve. How is electric signal capture? How does it work? Amplifier The amplifier receives the electrical signals from the electrodes and converts the information. Because the bodys electrical signals are relatively weak, the amplifier must first stabilize the signal and then amplify by a factor of between five and 10. The amplifier is composed of several sections, including a buffer amplifier and preamplifier both of which work to convert the information received from the electrodes into information that is strong enough to be read by the output device. The amplifier is designed to receive information directly from the patient; however, it is also separate from the primary power circuits of the ECG machine.   What is the sensor? Measurement of the ECG signal gets challenging due to the presence of the large DC offset and various interference signals. This potential can be up to 300mV for a typical electrode. The interference signals include the 50-/60-Hz interference from the power supplies, motion artifacts due to patient movement, radio frequency interference from electro-surgery equipments, defibrillation pulses, pace maker pulses, other monitoring equipment, etc. Depending on the end equipment, different accuracies will be needed in an ECG: Standard monitoring needs frequencies between 0.05-30 Hz Diagnostic monitoring needs frequencies from 0.05-1000 Hz Some of the 50Hz/60Hz common mode interference can be cancelled with a high-input-impedance instrumentation amplifier (INA), which removes the AC line noise common to both inputs. To further reject line power noise, the signal is inverted and driven back into the patient through the right leg by an amplifier. Only a few micro amps or less are required to achieve significant CMR improvement and stay within the UL544 limit. In addition, 50/60Hz digital notch filters are used to reduce this interference further. http://produceconsumerobot.com/heartfeltapparel/content/7128.ecg.bmp Complete circuit of Block diagram Question 4 Vout = R3 (V2-V1) When Vout = 0, R1 0 = R3 (V2 1) R1 V2 = 1 When Vout = 10, Vout = R3 (V2 V1) R1 10 =R3(5 1) R1 10 = 4R3 R1 10R1=4R3 Let R1= 10Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 10 ÃÆ'- 10K= 4R3 R3 = 25Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R3 = R4 = 25Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1 = 10 C:UsersRashydsAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordNew Picture (2).bmp Question 5 Voltage to frequency The family of voltage-to-frequency converters ideally suitable for in simple low-cost-circuits for analog-to-digital conversion, precision frequency-to-voltage conversion, long-term integration, linear frequency modulation or demodulation, and many more. The output when used a voltage-to frequency converter is a pulse train at a frequency precisely proportional to the applied input voltage. Consequently, it provides all the inherent advantages of the voltage-to-frequency converter techniques, and easy to apply in all standard voltage-to-frequency converter application. Frequency and Voltage The tachometer uses a charge pump technique and offer frequency repetition for low wrinkle, full input protection in two versions and output swing to ground for a zero frequency input. The amplitude is fully well-matched with the tachometer and has a floating transistor as its output. This characteristic allows either a ground or supply referred load up to 50mA. This version is well suited for single speed or frequency switching or fully buffered frequency to voltage conversion application. Question 6 Orifice Plate An obstruction (orifice) is placed in a pipe filled with fluid. The pressure of the fluid is measured at two different points: 1) just upstream of the orifice and, 2) close to the contraction of the fluid (vena contracta). The difference in these two pressures is known as differential pressure. The differential pressure across an obstruction (orifice) in a pipe of fluid is proportional to the square of the velocity of the fluid. Many factors associated with the pipe, orifice and fluid affect the measurement. Satisfactory measurement requires steady-state, homogeneous, turbulent flowing fluids. Other properties which affect the measurement include: the ratio of pipe diameter to orifice diameter and the density, temperature, compressibility and viscosity of the fluid. http://www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/4/3/fig4.3.3.gif Venturi Meter Venturi has a long history of uses in many applications. Due to its simplicity and dependability, the Venturi is among the most common flowmeters. With no moving parts or abrupt flow restrictions, the Venturi can measure fluid flowrates with a minimal total pressure loss. The principle behind the operation of the Venturiflowmeter is the Bernoulli Effect. The Venturi measures a fluids flowrate by reducing the cross sectional flow area in the flow path and generating a pressure difference. After the pressure difference is generated, the fluid is passed through a pressure recovery exit section where up to 80% of the differential pressure generated at the throat is recovered. The pressure differential follows Bernoullis Equation. http://www.ustudy.in/imagebrowser/view/image/3463/_original Venturi meter Nozzle A NOZZLE IS A DUCT WHICH CONVERT HEAT ENERGY INTO KINETIC ENERGY.IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF FLUID PASSING THROUGH IT AT THE EXPENCE OF PRESSURE http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTDTUwnq857efZrPN3mtwS-vIsRZ8OJxuVf1aPxsynFcrbaNuVCQ Pitot tube Pitot tube is used for measuring the stagnation within a channel, pipe or duct flow. Pitot tube is made in symmetrical body such as cylinder, cone, or hemisphere with drilled by the side of its central axis. If this is associated with its central axis in the direction of the flow the fluid will accelerate around the upstream face with less energy losses, and a stagnation point incline at the piezometric opening. Flow measurement using (a) Pitot tube, and (b) Pitot-static tube. Pitot tubes on aircraft commonly have heating elements called Pitot heat to prevent the tube from becoming clogged with ice.

Natalie Meyers Hidden Heart and Astophils Astohpil and Stella Essay

Natalie Meyers'Hidden Heart and Astophil's Astohpil and Stella Longing to bleed my love into words that stain his heart, That in my wound he take, delight that has no wear: Delight may light a fire, of burning thoughts to start, To fan the flame of pity, would help to spark his care, Desperate to show my sorrow with words equal to art. Searching round the depths for lucid language, fair, The force behind my mind locked round a solid part. Some spry ideas seeped, through my reason with a tear, But whisked into a wind, that twirled them in a haze, And dizzy fog that blurs my head into a stare, Becomes a source of strength to break my callous gaze. Frustration takes a dive, and offers me a dare, A new voice (not my own), calls me from within, Write with your heart not head; and now I can begin. The Spirit to Scribe The desire to express one’s feelings can be a complicated and stressful task. In the free imitation poem, "Hidden Heart," by Natalie Meyers, a young woman expresses the frustration she experiences when trying to write her loved one. Likewise, the first sequence of Sir Philip Sydney’s sonnet, "Astrophil and Stella," explores one man’s struggle to write from his heart and eliminate the yearning to select the perfect words for a letter written to his love, Stella. Both Astrophil and Meyers are distraught over what to say and how to say it. Since "Hidden Heart" is an imitation of Sydney’s sonnet, several parallels can be drawn between their common theme, word choice, and form. The "Hidden Hearts" theme of free expression, its diction, and structure, must be compared and contrasted with intertextual references from "Astrophil and Stella," in order to effectively analyze it. Throughout the poem, Natalie ... ...each a resolution by the end of the poem. Both meter and rhyme are very essential in building a solid, yet fluid structure to each poem. "Hidden Heart" mirrors "Astrophil and Stella" in many ways, but contains several unique qualities as well. Natalie’s account was based on personal experience, where Astrophil is a character creation of Sir Philip Sydney. The similarities and differences of the theme, diction, and structure helped enrich both poems without cheapening them. Overall, both stressed the importance of writing with one’s heart to convey true emotion instead of agonizing over the literary quality of a personal letter. Also, the stylistic aspects of each poem carefully wove in a tone that contributed to their personality. With all of these attributes combine, Natalie and Sydney demonstrate the value found in linking two poems together through imitation.

Dante’s Inferno: Contrapasso Essay

Contrapasso means suffer the opposite. It refers to the punishment of souls in Dante’s Inferno by a process either resembling or contrasting with the sin itself. There are many examples of contrapasso in Dante’s Inferno, as he travels ever deeper into the depths of hell. In the Inferno, we are given a tour through Hell by Dante, who is a middle-aged man. The Inferno is a story of a journey given by two different Dantes: Dante the pilgrim and Dante the author. He has a natural emotion of pity, which he is often reprimanded for. At the beginning of his journey, he is confronted by three animals. These animals represent the three rings of Hell. The first one is the she-wolf, representing incontinence, the second is the lion, representing violence, and the third is the leopard, representing fraud and deception. According to Dante, fraud and deception are the worst sins, followed by violence, then incontinence. Virgil is Dante’s guide throughout this treacherous journey. Dante uses the concept of contrapasso to express his own views on ethics of various sins, reflecting on the cultural and political state of Italy at the time. Before Dante and Virgil enter Hell proper, they find the opportunists in the vestibule. They are running around wildly chasing a banner, while nude being stung by hornets and wasps. When the split came between Satan and God, they tried to stay neutral, and now they must suffer their punishment. Here, the banner symbolizes a leader, serving as a direct punishment for their indecisive nature. They come across limbo next, where the virtuous pagans are. These are the souls of good non-Christians, who are stuck in limbo because they were never baptized and never went to church to study Jesus. This is where Virgil and the poets reside. Limbo is not a bad place to be, and their only punishment is that they will never get to see the face of God. This is a fitting punishment because while alive they never knew of God, and now they are forbidden from him. They encounter the least offensive sinners in the first ring of Hell, represented by the she-wolf. Once inside the gates of Hell, Dante encounters the Carnal (or lustful). The souls who are in this first section of Hell are so because they let their lusts control them in life. The punishment of the Carnal is that they are trapped in a whirlwind, blizzard storm. They see the object of their lust, but they cannot have sex in Hell. They are doomed to chase their love around in the whirlwind, and they cannot satisfy their needs in any way. Contrapasso is appropriate here because while living they could not control their urges and always satisfied their needs, but now in Hell they are not allowed to. In circle three of Hell, we find the gluttons. Ciacco is a representative of the gluttons whom Dante knows personally. Ciacco means hog in Italian. Because gluttony is a sin of incontinence, their punishment is wallowing around in a slushy mound of garbage. The gluttons are in a storm of putrefaction. Gluttony was considered a major sin back in Dante’s day. Also in this circle are the hoarders and wasters. They contribute to each other’s punishment as they are in a constant rock war. Hoarders and wasters are two extremes. This is contrapasso because the hoarders are constantly trying to take the rock, while the wasters are trying to get rid of it. Next, they come across the wrathful and sullen. They are stuck in the Marsh of Styx. The sullen were drawn within themselves and tried not to associate with others in life, they took a sour disposition towards life. Their punishment is appropriate because they are stuck at the bottom of the marsh, beneath the slimy surface. Moving along through Hell, Dante and Virgil come across the heretics. This is a sort of a transitional stage between the sins of incontinence and violence. A heretic is anyone who doesn’t adhere to strict Catholic doctrine. Heretics committed some of the worst crimes, according to Dante. Their punishment was to spend eternity in a grave on fire. Contrapasso is in effect here because heretics thought that the soul dies with the body, and since they believe their souls died, they are entombed. Some of them even have to share tombs with people they hated. The second category of sinners is the violent. There are three types of violence: violence against neighbors, violence against self, and violence against God. The violent against neighbors are stuck in the river Phlegethon. This is a river of boiling blood, and if the sinners try to escape, centaurs shoot them with arrows. This is contrapasso because these violent souls left their victims in a pool of blood when they murdered them, and now they are stuck in a pool of blood. Violence against self is the next form of violent sin. Those who committed suicide became trees. Since they rejected God’s gift of body, they are forced to stand still and see the human life they rejected. This is their contrapasso, also whenever a limb from the tree falls off, they feel it. The final form of violence is that against God. These blasphemers, who curse God, are punished in circle seven, round 3. They are forced to lie in a field of burning sand and a fire rain constantly falls down on them. This is ironic because it is the first time while Dante is in Hell that we actually see fire. Circle eight of Hell begins the worst sins, those of fraud and treachery. These sins are the worst because it breaks the trust of the individual. The usurers are loan sharks. They do not further mankind, they just want money. According to The Holy Bible, it is unnatural to charge usury. Their punishment is to carry a pouch with lead weights around their necks. They constantly have to fight off fire and chains from lashing devils with their hands. This is their contrapasso because they used to use their greedy hands to abuse people by taking their money. The panderers and seducers are punished by having to constantly run from one side to another, and demons are there whipping them. The second section contains the flatterers. Because they lied and figuratively slung excrement from their mouths, they are punished by wallowing in excrement, which they flatter. This is a perfect example of contrapasso. The fortune tellers and diviners presumed to have the power to see God’s future, but most of them are just tricksters. Their contrapasso is that their heads are twisted completely around, and they can no longer see what’s ahead of them. Dante sees weeping shades slowly marching in single file, each one covered from head to foot with a golden cloak lined with lead. It is appropriate because on the outside the cloaks look beautiful, but on the inside they are horrible, like the hypocrites, and they are weighed down by their guilt. Contrapasso for thieves is depicted as serpents chasing nude sinners, and when the snake bites them, they burst into blames and disintegrate. Sometimes they become the serpent, and the serpent becomes them. This sets out to show that thieves can’t even claim their own bodies. Also, the snakes represent trickery, and the serpents steal the thieves’ bodies, just as they stole. Bertrand de Born was guilty of separating father and son (King Henry II and son), which caused war. His contrapasso is walking around with his head separated from his body, carrying it like a lantern. It is also symbolic of the father being the head of the family, and his body is separated from it because he separated them. In the ninth circle of Hell, Cocytus, Dante encounters the absolute worst sinners, including Satan. These sinners are frozen with the memory of their sins, and they cannot move. These evilest of sinners are in a sea of ice. Sins of betrayal are in the ninth circle. They were cold hearted and fake in life with no warmth of heart. A unique encounter Dante has is with Count Ugolino and Archbishop Ruggiere. In life, they made a deal, but it went awry. Now, the count feeds on the head of the archbishop. Since the archbishop imprisoned him and sons, they starved to death, thus his contrapasso is that Ruggiere is Ugolino’s last meal for all of eternity. At the end of the journey, Dante encounters Satan. He is bigger than the giants with three heads. Each head is chewing on the worst sinners in history up to that point: Judas, Brutus, and Cassius. They represent hate, impotence, and ignorance to contrast the three highest virtues of Heaven. Satan is at the center of the universe. His main punishment is that he is frozen and can’t do anything. This is the ultimate contrapasso. Dante highlights that Satan himself is an example of contrapasso as Satan’s sin of seeking God’s place as ruler of Heaven resulting in him forever ruling over the damned. Here, the sin reflects the punishment as Satan aims to raise himself higher and as a result is cast down into the depths of the Inferno. Dante takes us on an intriguing and eye-opening journey throughout his Hell. He uses contrapasso as a way to show the many different sins and how he thinks they should be punished. Dante also places real people in his Inferno to point out the cultural and political state of Italy at that time. While he does this, he is pretty fair and impartial about who belongs in which area of Hell. Near the end of his journey, Dante finally realizes that the sinners got what they deserved, and he no longer pities them. By having Satan frozen in ice, Dante is portraying the message Satan cannot do anything, unless you let him because he is not that powerful.

Scientific Inquiry in Early Ch essays

Scientific Inquiry in Early Ch essays Scientific Inquiry in Early Childhood Education What is your definition of science? Science, as I see it, is a participating, active procedure that can be defined for us by using the science PROCESSES, just as science CONTENT can be defined by listing the knowledge obtained during the activity. What do the terms SCIENCE PROCESS and SCIENCE CONTENT mean to teachers of young children? It means that we should be aware of the different ways that these two (2) parts of science should be taught. SCIENCE CONTENT, the knowledge of science, can be taught in a vacuum and just memorized. Many of us learned part of our science that way. For some of us that style of learning was painful because we needed concrete experience upon which to hook information that we were to learn. If we were lucky we learned science names and definitions in an active context where we applied each to an experiment we had done. Our young children are unable to accomplish high level abstract thinking; however, knowledge of these process (work) skills of science by the teacher can allow you to develop pre-process or process entry skills. Let us keep in mind that we dont teach reading to three (3) and four (4) year old children, we develop their pre-reading skills. Just as in pre-reading, science process skills have entry or pre-skills that can be used with children to enhance their science success later in elementary school; that is, you can teach them to science. Another good rule-of-thumb in kindergarten science is to keep it process-oriented. Learning content is important, but the method by which children understand and integrate concepts deserves just as much of our respect and attention. The process of science investigation include: By touching, listening, changing, shaking, pouring, and so on, children notice the properties of objects. Teachers can help them articulate their observations, which wi...

Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatments in Cystic Fibrosis The WritePass Journal

Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatments in Cystic Fibrosis Introduction Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatments in Cystic Fibrosis IntroductionMolecular MechanismsSymptomsCurrent TreatmentsFuture TreatmentsConclusionRelated Introduction Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder currently affecting over 9000 people living in the United Kingdom alone, with millions of people carrying the faulty recessive gene responsible for the disease. This essay is split into 4 distinct sections, firstly looking at the faulty gene and its effects on the organs of the body, followed by an in-depth look at the symptoms of patients suffering with cystic fibrosis, whereas the third section will look at the treatments available to sufferers. The forth section will contain potential future cures and treatments for the cystic fibrosis. Molecular Mechanisms The faulty gene that codes for cystic fibrosis affects organs such as the lungs and pancreas. This fault causes high mucosal build up in these organs. Noticeably with regards to the lungs as the high volume of mucous can cause severe breathing difficulties. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein is coded for by the CFTR gene, in chromosome 7 of the human genome. CFTR is a glycoprotein made up of 1480 amino acids consisting of 5 domains. The CFTR protein is responsible for a variety of functions in the apical membranes of cells including the transport of chloride ions, regulation of the sodium ion channels and the regulation of hydrogen carbonate ion transport across the apical membrane[3]. However, it seems that the main contributing factor to cystic fibrosis is the transportation of chloride ions across the apical membrane and sodium ion regulation. Mutations in the CFTR gene can be categorized into 6 classes; depending on the effect they have on the production of the CFTR protein. The mutations are listed below in Figure 1, with the consequence of the mutation on the CFTR protein. Mutation Number Consequence of Mutation I Not synthesised II Inadequately processed III Not regulated IV Shows abnormal conductance V Partially defective production VI Accelerated degradation Figure 1 – Table showing the Mutation Number and the Consequence of the mutation on the CFTR protein The mutations stated in figure 1, either cause the CFTR protein to become ineffective or prevents synthesis altogether. Classes I and III prevent synthesis of the CFTR protein, whereas other mutations cause problems in the production of the protein.   Class II mutations effects can vary from the CFTR protein being completely dysfunctional to significantly reduced function depending on the patient. Class IV and Class V mutations do not cause the CFTR protein to cease working, but do have a derogatory effect on their function. Class VI mutations cause before-time degradation of the protein meaning reduced function. One of the consequences of the CFTR protein not functioning in cystic fibrosis patients is a high concentration of chloride ions developing in the intracellular space, as well as little regulation of sodium ions entering the cell. Under normal circumstances water would diffuse out the cell and contribute to the airway surface liquid as the concentrations of chloride and sodium ions would be higher in the extracellular space. However with a defective CFTR gene the osmotic gradient is reversed. Thus leading to a high ion concentration within the cell and depletion in the airway surface liquid. Cilia are small hair like projections in the respiratory tract which are responsible for wafting the mucous up the respiratory tract so it can be swallowed and infection averted. Mucous is one of the body’s primary physical defences against bacterial infection. Pathogens capable of causing respiratory disease are caught on the mucous in the respiratory tract and eventually swallowed with the aid of cilia thus avoiding the entry of pathogens into the lungs and causing bacterial infection.   Airway surface liquid also prevents infection by facilitating the movement of mucous up the respiratory tract. However when there is depletion in airway surface liquid, the cilia are also affected. The mucous therefore needs to be of low viscosity so it can be easily moved up the respiratory tract. However, due to the lack of airway surface liquid in a patient with cystic fibrosis the mucous becomes static and more viscous leading to bacterial infections in the lungs. Cystic Fibrosis does not just affect the lungs in some cases. Occasionally, the pancreas and in the case of men, reproductive organs can be affected. This all depends on which class of mutation of the CFTR gene the patient has as patients with Class I, II and III are prone to pancreatic insufficiency3. In normal pancreatic exocrine secretion, the digestive enzymes secreted from pancreatic gland cells, are mixed with a bicarbonate-rich fluid, secreted from duct cells and released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food. The function of the pancreatic gland cells remains fairly constant, but there is a noticeable difference in secretion of the bicarbonate-rich fluid from the duct cells. Thickening secretions causes the duct releasing fluids into the small intestine becomes blocked by enzymes precipitating as well as mucosal build up. With the ducts becoming more blocked, the pressure inside the pancreas increases and as the pancreas lacks structures aiding in support i s therefore very prone to damage. Symptoms Cystic fibrosis effects different organs around the body and therefore gives rise to a vast range of symptoms. The organs most heavily affected by cystic fibrosis are the lungs and the pancreas, and in males, the reproductive organs are affected. The most obvious indication that a patient may have cystic fibrosis would be a family history of the disease. As cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder, the faulty recessive gene can be passed to children. Due to the gene being recessive, it is possible for parents to be a carrier for cystic fibrosis but not express any symptoms themselves. Therefore if both parents are carriers of the gene, then there is a 25% chance of the offspring having cystic fibrosis.   From 2009 onwards it is required for new-born babies in the USA to be screened for genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. If positive, it gives doctors an opportunity to act quickly and maybe prevent other more serious problems, related to cystic fibrosis developing later in life[7]. Other common symptoms that are shown by most ages are salty tasty skin, clubbing of the fingers and toes, coughing with sputum production, mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from airway secretions and hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis[8]. The symptoms shown by the patient are also different depending on their age. Figure 2 shows a table listing the symptoms by age they become prevalent. Neonatal Infancy Childhood Adolescence and Adulthood   Meconium ileus Persistent infiltrates on  chest  radiographs Chronic pansinusitis or nasal polyposis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Protracted jaundice Failure to thrive Steatorrhoea Chronic pansinusitis or nasal polyposis Abdominal or scrotal calcifications Anasarca or hypoproteinaemia Rectal prolapse Bronchiectasis Intestinal atresia Chronic diarrhoea Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome  or intussusception Haemoptysis Abdominal distention Idiopathic recurrent or chronic pancreatitis Idiopathic  recurrent pancreatitis Cholestasis Liver disease Portal hypertension Staphylococcus aureus  pneumonia Delayed puberty Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (vitamin A deficiency) Azoospermia  secondary to congenital bilateral absence of the  vas deferens Haemolytic  anaemia Figure 2 – Depending on the age of the patient, different symptoms for Cystic Fibrosis will be apparent shown in the table above8 As shown in Figure 2, cystic fibrosis has a big effect on many parts of the body. However, the main problem for a patient with cystic fibrosis remains pulmonary disease and the effect of the gastrointestinal problems which arise. Innate defence mechanisms like the physical barrier provided by the mucous, lining the respiratory tract, is inefficient at its function in a patient with cystic fibrosis. This therefore leads high levels of bacterial infection and inflammation. The bacterial infections begin soon after birth with Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus inï ¬â€šuenzae usually being the pioneer bacteria causing primary infection in the lungs of a patient. It has been suggested that these bacteria are responsible for damaging the epithelial surface cells and therefore aiding other bacteria bind to the surface, however this is still under debate by scientists. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the organism responsible for the later, fatal infections that cause the highest mortality rate in patients with cystic fibrosis. The CFTR protein not only has functions transporting ions, but it is also thought to have a role in binding molecules of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a normal individual, Pseudomonas aeruginosa binds to the CFTR protein, and a rapid and self-limiting inï ¬â€šammatory response9 occurs removing the infection from the respiratory tract. This explains why Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main causative agent of pulmonary disease in cyst ic fibrosis sufferers. Symptoms of cystic fibrosis caused by gastrointestinal problems are mainly caused by the inability to digest food. As mentioned above the ducts leading to the small intestine, which would carry a liquid, containing digestive enzymes is blocked. This causes the pancreas to come pressure and gets damaged. The symptoms caused by this inability to digest food are greasy stools,  flatulence, abdominal bloating, and poor  weight gain8. At the time of its discovery, malnutrition was the main cause of death due to the inability to produce the enzymes in the pancreas to digest food. Malnutrition can now be treated using pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy8, however other factors like the poor adsorption of fat soluble vitamins can lead to acrodermatitis, anaemia, night blindess, neuropathy, osteoporosis and bleeding disorders8. A high percentage of Cystic fibrosis patients can develop Cystic Fibrosis related Diabetes Mellitus (CFRD) due to the pancreatic damage that is done by the blocking of the ducts within in the pancreas. The Islet of Langerhans produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose concentrations. Insulin stimulates the formation of glycogen, removing glucose from the blood stream whereas glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen. With the pancreas undergoing autolysis, it is inevitable that these cells will become damaged and unable to produce a sufficient amount of insulin. However, CFRD is different to diabetes mellitus I and II. The specific symptoms affected by cystic fibrosis are glucose metabolism,   acute and chronic infection, glucagon deficiency, liver dysfunction, decreased intestinal transit time, and increased work of breathing8. Cystic fibrosis also affects male reproduction. In the male reproduction organs, the vas deferens is responsible for the transfer of sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation8. Male patients with cystic fibrosis lack this muscular tube and therefore there is no sperm in their ejaculate. Women however are fertile, but careful control of nutritional intake must be taken to ensure the full term of pregnancy and subsequent birth can be achieved. I can be possible for parents to pass the gene for cystic fibrosis onto their children. As a man expressing the disease being infertile the recessive gene must come from a carrier of cystic fibrosis but not expressing any symptoms. If the female sufferers from cystic fibrosis then there is a 50% chance that the child will also have the disease. However if the female is also a carrier of the recessive gene then there is a 25% chance that the child will have cystic fibrosis. Current Treatments As it stands at the moment, cystic fibrosis cannot be cured. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, and therefore there is an error in the DNA of cells of an individual apart from their gametes. This means that the only available option to sufferers is to find drugs to treat the various symptoms. However in recent years there have been successful attempts to find drugs to resolve the original defects. Patients with cystic fibrosis often suffer from severe pulmonary infections, as they are less efficient at swallowing mucous containing pathogens. The airway surface liquid and cilia, as discussed above are responsible for the movement of mucous up the respiratory tract in a normal individual. Cystic fibrosis sufferers lack the required volume of airway surface liquid. One such treatment, looking to solve the problem caused by the faulty gene is hypertonic saline. Hypertonic saline is the current drug used to bring about an increase in the volume of airway surface liquid in the lungs of the patients. It has been shown by researchers that in vitro, hypertonic saline is effective with rehydrating and providing more airway surface liquid8. If from an early age there is aid with mucosal clearance from the respiratory tract, it would reduce the chances of the patient developing severe bacterial infections from pathogens such as pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics are also important to control pulmonary bacterial infections that occur from poor mucosal clearance. Macrolide antibiotics are cheap antibiotics used to treat cystic fibrosis sufferers. They work by inhibiting the bacteria protein biosynthesis; however the precise mechanism they use is currently not fully understood. Macrolides have a dual function in the cystic fibrosis treatment. They affect cytokine production of many cell types and are therefore effective as anti-inflammatory agents8. One study showed that taking azithromycin three times a week reduced the virulence factor production, decreased biofilm production, bactericidal effects on pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in stationary phase8. Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms brought about by cystic fibrosis require other forms of treatment, as they unable to produce enough enzymes to digest their food. Enzymes are usually secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine, allowing the individual to digest their food. However a patient with pancreatic insufficiency is unable to secrete the enzymes into the small intestine due to the intrapancreatic ducts being blocked. This needs to be treated as patients are at risk of severe malnutrition if food cannot be fully digested. Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Theory (PERT) is used to treat this problem. The enzymes used in PERT are taken with every meal to aid in the absorption of food in the small intestine.   This does not solve the underlying problem caused by cystic fibrosis, and can only treat the symptoms. This is because the enzymes do not last for a great deal of time in the body; the reason why enzymes must be taken with every meal. Chest physiotherapy can aid in the treatment of a sufferer as it can help in mucosal clearance from the pulmonary tract[11]. Some methods focus on the way the patient breathes which include active cycle of breathing techniques, and autogenic drainage11. However some techniques focus on actual mucosal clearance like positive expiratory pressure (PEP) oscillating positive expiratory pressure11. The final and most severe treatment used to use the chronic pulmonary disease is lung transplantation. This procedure comes with high risk with only 50% children surviving 5 years after the transplant and 50% of adults surviving 6 years after the transplant8. Future Treatments As of yet there is no cure for cystic fibrosis, however there are promising new drugs on the horizon which could one day all but cure the genetic disease. A drug that is combatting the â€Å"basic defect† of cystic fibrosis is VX-770 made by Vertex pharmaceuticals. This drug is currently undergoing trials in the United States of America and is showing promise for improving lung function in those affected by cystic fibrosis. The drug itself targets the chlorine channels in the apical membrane, opening them to allow chlorine to leave the epithelial cells. Results from the recent Phase 3 clinical trials showed that there was a 10% increase in lung function in people aged 12 and above, and a 12.5% increase in lung function for those from ages 6 to 11. The drug also decreased the concentration of chlorine in sweat and allowed the patients taking the drug to gain on average 7 pounds12. Pancreatic insufficiency usually makes it hard for the cystic fibrosis patient to gain weight, meaning the drug has an effect on gastrointestinal symptoms as well as respiratory symptoms. The idea of gene therapy is a concept that has been around for a while. The Cystic fibrosis gene therapy consortium was set up in 2001 to focus on developing new ways to combat cystic fibrosis and the symptoms. In February 2009, the consortium made a step closer to find a â€Å"gene therapy cure† for cystic fibrosis. They managed to insert successfully, a working CFTR gene into a viral vector, which was then transported into the lungs of a cystic fibrosis patient. Whereas the idea itself is good, there are some drawbacks. The viral vector itself comes under attack from the immune system as well as viral vectors being poor at inserting DNA into epithelial cells8. Therefore the The Cystic fibrosis gene therapy consortium has been looking at using lipid vectors currently with little success. They have reported that currently gene expression in the cells that do take up the gene is currently temporary and they are looking into methods to provide sustained gene expression in the ep ithelial cells. Not all mutations cause the CFTR protein not to be synthesised. Some mutations cause the CFTR protein to be marked for degradation as the chaperones, aiding with folding the protein, do not dissociate from the protein8. There have been tests in labs using chemicals such as phenylbutyrate8, however any further developments in this field of research. Conclusion It is remarkable how such a small difference in the DNA of an individual can have so much effect on the patients’ health.   However the future looks bright for those patients suffering with cystic fibrosis. There is a huge amount of research taking place in order to find new treatments and potential cures for the disease. Recently, research has shifted from looking for ways to treat the symptoms, to methods of treating the underlying problems behind the disease. For example a drug called VX-770 made by Vertex Pharmaceuticals, focuses on the inefficient chlorine channels in the epithelial cells. If cystic fibrosis remains a continually financially backed area of research, there is no reason why significant progress cannot be made sooner rather than later.

Financial accounting, management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial accounting, management - Essay Example 2. The role of Financial Accounting is to provide financial information to people outside the organization. Managerial accounting, on the other hand, furnishes financial information relevant for the executives and administrators within the organization. The two mentioned disciplines are focused mainly on compiling and reporting the financial information, while Finance is concerned on managing money and other monetary instruments. Accounting lays down the historical account of financial transactions while finance is more concerned on improving the future financial transactions of a firm. 3. A balance sheet provides a picture of a firm's financial position at a given time. It elaborates the financial position of the firm as being shown by its properties (assets) and what it owes (liabilities and net worth) in a given moment. It actually shows the potentials and the weaknesses that a business has and can also identify business trends particularly on its receivables and payables (Balance Sheets 2003). Each of the accounting convention has different views in accounting for the entries made in the balance sheet.

The influence of great opinionated powers on international law Essay

The influence of great opinionated powers on international law - Essay Example Precisely, it has the capability to mould the jurisdiction according to its desire and enforce it to prevent any operation globally that it cannot stop without any legal procedure. Basic function of international law is to bring peace and calm around the glob. In the primitive ages when the world was not much civilized, there used to be constant wars usually for land acquisition, to strengthen an empire or an urge to conquer a vast area in order to leave a distinctive mark on the fabric of history. In those days it was easier to manage the municipal criminological affairs as compared to today's world, because the states had powers to handle the local problems. But unlike today, there lacked a system to manage peace among nations or states because the reason could be an intense sense of self esteem and great height of confidence on armies. Hence, the rulers preferred to ruin the weaker states and hold them under their empire. In this way they used to kill the peace and bust the basic human rights. As the time passed and with the development of human intellect, church began to mediate the international disputes. Particularly in the era when nations had a fashion to self govern themselves, church was the supreme power to handle international and to some extent local problems. This practice was also undertaken in ancient civilizations such as Greeks and Egyptian civilizations. Modern international law is often affirmed as a product of modern European civilization as well as Egyptian Pharaohs entered into treaties of alliance, peace extraditions, and the treatment of envoys with neighboring kings as early as the 14th century. But they could not make an adjustment with European law by all means. As a result the purpose of peace remained disputed. As Becker (2006, p.149) says, "International law is the product of special civilization of the Europe and forms a highly artificial system of which principles were not understood by civilizations differently civilized" Concept Of Sovereignty Further consolidations brought the international law to a phase where the idea of sovereignty came into existence. It was considered that peace was the major ingredient for the survival and progress. So in 15th century a new trend evolved, and that was, representatives of all the nations were gathered under one roof and every issue was resolved on the basis of treaties and debates rather than wars or by the use of powers. So in other words the trend of domestic law was reshaped into a broad spectrum or in modern sense international law. In the 14th and 15th centuries there was a modification that rather than self governing the states used to send their representative that reflects the problems of state in front of the sovereign authority and then a common treaty was passed in consent with all the representatives. Their motive used to be to avoid war and bring more peace. During 14th and 15th centuries the practice of establishing resident missions started in Italy. By this time the practice of arguing in front of adversary's council or assembly had apparently become obsolete. The envoy was expected to be in constant touch with receiving sovereign and to join or oppose intrigues in order to safeguard the interests of his master. Murty (1989, p4) demonstrates, "during the following two